Explain the concept of topological phases in the context of quantum cellular automata and how QCA can be used to study topological properties of quantum systems.

Topological phases in quantum cellular automata refer to phases of matter that are characterized by topological invariants rather than local order parameters. QCA can be used to study these phases by evolving quantum states according to local rules that preserve topological properties, allowing researchers to investigate phenomena like topological insulators and anyons. The inherent discreteness and locality of QCA make them suitable for exploring the robustness and dynamics of topological states.