Explain the chemical mechanisms and environmental impacts of acid rain formation, including its effects on ecosystems and infrastructure.

Acid rain is a form of precipitation with elevated acidity resulting from the atmospheric deposition of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NOₓ), primarily emitted from industrial activities, vehicle emissions, and combustion of fossil fuels. In the atmosphere, SO₂ and NOₓ react with water vapor, oxygen, and other atmospheric components to form sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃), which are carried by air currents and deposited onto land and water surfaces as acid rain, fog, or snow. Acid rain can have detrimental effects on ecosystems, including soil acidification, loss of biodiversity, decline in