Who gave colour to our national flag?
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Who designed the flag of India? The design of the flag of India that was first presented in 1921 to Mahatma Gandhi, leader of the All-India Congress, was created by Pingali (or Pinglay) Venkayya. It consisted of the colours associated with the two principal religions, red for Hindus and green for Muslims.
A zygote is the very first stage of development in a new organism, formed when a sperm cell from a male fertilizes an egg cell from a female. This single cell, the zygote, contains all the genetic information necessary to create a new individual. It combines the DNA from both parents, which determines everything from eye color to susceptibility to certain diseases.
To give you a clearer picture, let’s break it down with an example: Imagine the process of human reproduction. When a sperm cell from the father successfully fertilizes an egg cell from the mother, they merge to form a zygote. This zygote is a single cell with a full set of 46 chromosomes—23 from each parent. These chromosomes carry the genetic blueprint that will guide the development of the new human being.
The zygote then begins a series of rapid cell divisions, a process called cleavage. Each division doubles the number of cells, and as these cells continue to divide, they start to specialize and take on different functions. This is the start of forming the various tissues and organs of the body. The zygote travels down the fallopian tube toward the uterus, where it will eventually implant into the uterine wall and continue developing into an embryo.
So, in essence, the zygote is like the foundation of a house. Just as a house is built from a strong and well-planned foundation, all the complex structures of an organism begin with this single, crucial cell.
In 1921, a university lecturer named Pingali (or Pinglay) Venkayya presented a flag design to Gandhi that consisted of the colours associated with the two principal religions, red for the Hindus and green for the Muslims.
To the centre of the horizontally divided flag, Lala Hans Raj Sondhi suggested the addition of the traditional spinning wheel, which was associated with Gandhi’s crusade to make Indians self-reliant by fabricating their own clothing from local fibres.
Gandhi modified the flag by adding a white stripe in the centre for the other religious communities in India, thus also providing a clearly visible background for the spinning wheel.
In May 1923 at Nagpur,during peaceful protests against British rule, the flag was carried by thousands of people, hundreds of whom were arrested. The Congress flag came to be associated with nationhood for India, and it was officially recognized at the annual meeting of the party in August 1931. At the same time, the current arrangement of stripes and the use of deep saffron instead of red were approved.
To avoid the sectarian associations of the original proposal, new attributions were associated with the saffron, white, and green stripes. They were said to stand for, respectively, courage and sacrifice, peace and truth, and faith and chivalry.
During World War II Subhas Chandra Bose used this flag (without the spinning wheel) in territories his Japanese-aided army had captured.
After the war Britain agreed to consider freedom for India, although the country was divided and a Muslim-dominated Pakistan was given separate statehood.
On July 22, 1947, the Indian national flag was officially hoisted. Its stripes remained the same saffron-white-green, but the spinning wheel was replaced by a blue chakra—the Dharma Chakra (“Wheel of the Law”).