What is endothelial dysfunction?

Endothelial dysfunction is related to impaired endothelial functioning. Endothelium is the monolayer of specialized cells that forms the inner lining of the blood and lymphatic vessels. Endothelium has a vital role in maintaining adequate fluid flow in the vessels and maintains tissue homeostasis. It helps regulate blood flow, controls blood clotting, manages inflammation, and produces signaling molecules such as nitric oxide that allow blood vessels to relax and widen.
Endothelial dysfunction leads to damage or loss of its normal function, and blood vessels are less able to dilate properly. At the same time, inflammation may increase, blood clot formation becomes more likely, and harmful substances can accumulate within the vessel walls.