What are the main components of a car's exhaust system, and how do the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, muffler, and tailpipe work together to reduce noise, control emissions, and direct exhaust gases away from the vehicle's occupants?

A car’s exhaust system consists of several components, including the exhaust manifold, catalytic converter, muffler, and tailpipe. The exhaust manifold collects exhaust gases from the engine’s cylinders and directs them toward the catalytic converter. The catalytic converter contains precious metals that facilitate chemical reactions to convert harmful pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, into less harmful substances, such as carbon dioxide and water vapor. The muffler reduces exhaust noise by using baffles or chambers to dissipate sound waves and smooth exhaust flow. Finally, the tailpipe directs exhaust gases away from the vehicle’s occupants and releases them into the atmosphere.