How Vaccines are made?
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1. Discovery and Development: Scientists identify the target pathogen and develop a vaccine candidate.
2. Preclinical Research: Vaccine candidates are tested in laboratory studies and animal experiments.
3. Clinical Trials: Vaccine candidates undergo three phases of human trials to evaluate safety and efficacy.
4. Regulatory Review: Regulatory agencies review data and grant approval for public use.
5. Manufacturing and Distribution: Vaccines are manufactured on a large scale and distributed to vaccination sites.
6. Post-Marketing Surveillance: Ongoing monitoring assesses vaccine safety and effectiveness in real-world settings.
Vaccines are made to improve our immune system to fight against the pathogen. It can be made using a whole Pathogenic virus or a part of it. These modified components act as antigens which trigger our immune system to produce antibodies against disease.
Vaccines are made in several methods:
Live or weakened virus vaccines Eg: live oral polio vaccine
Inactivated or killed virus vaccines Eg: injectable inactivated polio vaccines and seasonal influenza vaccine
Inactivated toxins produced by the pathogen are used as vaccines Eg: tetanus
Subunits of pathogens can be used as vaccines
mRNA and Viral Vector vaccines: The US authorized two covid vaccines created using mRNA technology and a third vaccine using viral vector during the COVID pandemic.