How does the use of gemstones in Indian jewelry relate to their physical properties and perceived benefits?

Gemstones used in Indian jewelry are often selected for their physical properties and the believed metaphysical benefits associated with them. For example, ruby, with its hardness and durability, is valued for its resistance to scratching and its vibrant color, which has been linked to enhancing vitality and passion according to traditional beliefs. Scientifically, gemstones like sapphire are prized for their optical properties, such as their ability to refract light, which creates their brilliant appearance. The perceived benefits of gemstones in Indian culture are often tied to these physical characteristics, combined with historical and astrological beliefs..