How does the greenhouse effect contribute to Earth's climate by trapping infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface and atmosphere, leading to the warming of the lower atmosphere and surface temperatures, and how do greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and nitrous oxide enhance this natural process, resulting in anthropogenic climate change?

The greenhouse effect is a natural process that regulates Earth’s climate by trapping heat energy in the atmosphere. Solar radiation penetrates the Earth’s atmosphere and warms the surface. As the Earth’s surface emits infrared radiation, greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb and re-emit this energy, trapping heat and warming the lower atmosphere and surface temperatures. Human activities, such as burning fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have increased the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, intensifying the greenhouse effect and leading to anthropogenic climate change.