How do neurons communicate with each other through electrical and chemical signals, and what are the mechanisms underlying learning and memory formation in the brain?

Neurons communicate through electrical impulses (action potentials) and chemical signals (neurotransmitters) across synapses, specialized junctions between neurons. Learning and memory formation involve synaptic plasticity, the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to repeated stimulation or experience. Mechanisms such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) play key roles in synaptic plasticity and neural circuitry underlying learning and memory processes.