How can quantum cellular automata be used to explore non-equilibrium dynamics and thermalization in quantum systems?

Quantum cellular automata can model non-equilibrium dynamics and thermalization by evolving quantum states according to predefined local rules that capture the interactions and energy exchanges between cells. By simulating these processes, QCA can provide insights into how quantum systems approach equilibrium, the role of entanglement in thermalization, and the emergence of statistical mechanics from quantum mechanics. QCA are particularly useful for studying localized systems, many-body localization, and the effects of disorder.