Explain the process of protein synthesis in cells.
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Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins using the instructions encoded in DNA. It involves two main stages: transcription and translation. During transcription, the DNA sequence of a gene is copied into a molecule of messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase. The mRNA then travels from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis during translation. Ribosomes read the mRNA sequence and assemble amino acids into a polypeptide chain, which folds into a functional protein.