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Natural selection is the process by which organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, leading to the gradual change in the characteristics of populations over time. Charles Darwin proposed that natural selection operates through three key principles: variation, heritability, and differential reproductive success. Variation refers to the differences in traits among individuals of a population, which arise from genetic mutation and recombination. Heritability refers to the ability of traits to be passed from parents to offspring genetically. Differential reproductive success occurs when individuals with certain traits are better adapted to their environment and have higher survival and reproductive rates, leading to the accumulation of advantageous traits in the population over successive generations. Natural selection is a driving force of evolution, shaping the diversity of life on Earth.