Evaluate the effectiveness of different strategies for managing coastal erosion and their environmental and socio-economic impacts.

Strategies for managing coastal erosion include hard engineering solutions (such as sea walls and groynes), soft engineering approaches (like beach nourishment and dune stabilization), and managed retreat. Each strategy has different environmental and socio-economic impacts. Hard engineering can provide immediate protection but may disrupt coastal ecosystems and sediment flow. Soft engineering is more sustainable but may require ongoing maintenance. Managed retreat involves relocating infrastructure, which can be socially and economically disruptive but allows natural processes to restore coastal dynamics.