Discuss the principles of classical conditioning proposed by Ivan Pavlov.

Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response. Ivan Pavlov conducted experiments with dogs, where he paired the sound of a bell (neutral stimulus) with the presentation of food (meaningful stimulus), leading to the dogs salivating (response). After repeated pairings, the bell alone could elicit salivation in the absence of food. This process demonstrates how organisms learn to associate stimuli and responses through experience, forming the basis of classical conditioning.