Describe the process of cellular respiration.
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Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in several stages:
Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH.
Pyruvate Decarboxylation: Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.