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The Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) were conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and opium trade. The wars led to the Treaty of Nanking and other “unequal treaties,” which ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened Chinese ports to foreign trade, and imposed extraterritorial rights. These treaties significantly weakened China’s sovereignty and led to increased foreign influence and intervention in China.