What is the meaning of espionage?

Espionage refers to the practice of spying or gathering confidential or sensitive information, typically for political, military, or economic purposes, without the knowledge or consent of the target. Espionage activities can involve various tactics, including covert surveillance, infiltration of organizations, interception of communications, and the use of clandestine agents or operatives. The aim of espionage may range from gathering intelligence to influencing decision-making, undermining adversaries, or gaining strategic advantage. It is often conducted by government agencies, intelligence services, or individuals acting on behalf of a nation-state or organization. Espionage is considered a covert and often illegal activity, subject to international laws and treaties governing intelligence gathering and espionage activities.