What is the function of a catalytic converter in a car's exhaust system, and how does it reduce harmful emissions by converting pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) into less harmful substances through catalytic reactions?

A catalytic converter is an emissions control device installed in a car’s exhaust system. It contains catalysts, such as platinum, palladium, and rhodium, which facilitate chemical reactions that convert harmful pollutants in the exhaust gases into less harmful substances. Specifically, the catalytic converter reduces carbon monoxide (CO) to carbon dioxide (CO2), oxidizes hydrocarbons (HC) to water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2), and converts nitrogen oxides (NOx) into nitrogen (N2) and oxygen (O2). This process helps vehicles comply with emissions regulations and reduces air pollution.