What are the major criticisms of utilitarianism as a normative ethical theory, and how do alternative ethical frameworks such as deontology and virtue ethics address these criticisms?

Utilitarianism is critiqued for its reliance on consequentialist reasoning, potential for minority oppression, and challenges in quantifying and comparing utility. Deontology emphasizes moral duties and rights, while virtue ethics focuses on character traits and moral virtues, offering alternative approaches to ethical decision-making that complement or critique utilitarianism.