What are the main types of renewable energy technologies used for electricity generation, heating, and transportation, and how do solar photovoltaic (PV) systems, wind turbines, hydroelectric dams, geothermal power plants, and bioenergy facilities harness natural energy sources such as sunlight, wind, water, heat from the Earth's interior, and organic matter to produce clean and sustainable energy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating climate change?

Renewable energy technologies offer clean and sustainable alternatives to fossil fuels for electricity generation, heating, and transportation. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems convert sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductor materials such as silicon. Wind turbines harness the kinetic energy of wind movement to drive generators and produce electricity. Hydroelectric dams use the gravitational potential energy of water stored in reservoirs or flowing in rivers to turn turbines and generate electricity. Geothermal power plants utilize heat from the Earth’s interior to produce steam, which drives turbines and generates electricity. Bioenergy facilities use organic matter such as wood, crop residues, or animal waste to produce biofuels or generate heat and electricity through combustion or biochemical processes. These renewable energy technologies reduce dependence on fossil fuels, mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, and contribute to efforts to address climate change and promote sustainable development.