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In the context of the French Revolution, the Estates (Les États) referred to the three social classes or orders that made up the French society:
1. First Estate (Le Premier État): The clergy, including bishops, priests, and other religious officials.
2. Second Estate (Le Deuxième État): The nobility, including dukes, counts, barons, and other titled aristocrats.
3. Third Estate (Le Tiers État): The commoners, including peasants, merchants, artisans, and middle-class citizens.
The Estates system was a hierarchical and rigid social structure that perpetuated inequality and privilege. The Third Estate, which represented the vast majority of the population, was oppressed and excluded from political power, leading to growing discontent and eventually the outbreak of the French Revolution in 1789.