How do teleconnection patterns like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influence global climate systems, and what are the challenges in predicting their impacts on regional climates?

Teleconnection patterns such as ENSO significantly influence global climate systems by altering atmospheric circulation, precipitation, and temperature patterns across vast regions. These effects can lead to severe weather events, such as droughts, floods, and hurricanes. Predicting their impacts on regional climates is challenging due to the complex interactions between oceanic and atmospheric processes, the influence of other climate drivers, and the inherent variability of these patterns. Advanced climate models and long-term observational data are essential for improving prediction accuracy.