How do orcas (killer whales) exhibit complex social structures and hunting techniques, and what are some of the differences in behavior between resident and transient pods?

Orcas exhibit complex social structures and sophisticated hunting techniques, characterized by strong social bonds and cooperative behaviors.

Social Structures
Pods: Orcas live in matrilineal pods, typically consisting of related females, their offspring, and sometimes adult males. These pods can range from a few individuals to several dozen.
Communication: They use vocalizations, such as clicks and whistles, to coordinate activities and maintain social bonds.
Hunting Techniques
Cooperative Hunting: Orcas employ strategic hunting methods, often working together to catch prey. For example, they may use tactics like creating waves to wash seals off ice or encircling schools of fish.
Cultural Knowledge: Different pods develop unique hunting techniques that are passed down through generations.
Differences Between Resident and Transient Pods
Resident Pods: Typically found in coastal areas, these pods primarily hunt fish, especially salmon, and have more stable social structures. They rely on vocal communication for coordination.

Transient Pods: These pods are more mobile and primarily hunt marine mammals like seals and dolphins. They are generally quieter, using fewer vocalizations to avoid alerting prey and have a more fluid social structure.