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Perhaps as early as 500 BCE, although certainly by 200 CE, high quality steel was being produced in southern India by what Europeans would later call the crucible technique. In this system, high-purity wrought iron, charcoal, and glass were mixed in crucibles and heated until the iron melted and absorbed the carbon.
Ancient Indian civilizations were renowned for their advancements in metallurgy. One notable example is the creation of the Iron Pillar of Delhi, which dates back to the 4th century CE. This pillar, made of wrought iron, has resisted corrosion for over a millennium, showcasing the advanced metalworking techniques of the time. Additionally, ancient Indian alchemists developed methods for producing high-quality steel, known as Wootz steel, which was highly prized for its durability and sharpness. The Indian metallurgists also excelled in crafting intricate jewelry and coins, and their methods were influential in the development of metalworking techniques in other cultures