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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease. The disease develops progressively. COPD is characterized by persistent airflow restriction, chronic inflammation in the airway, and structural damage to the lungs. The common COPD effect includes chronic bronchitis and emphysema. The major cause of COPD is exposure to long-term cigarette smoke, air pollution, occupational dust, and environmental toxins.
Currently, COPD treatment focuses on managing the symptoms. It is not curable. The structural destruction of alveoli and the narrowing of small airways are largely irreversible. Unlike acute respiratory infections, COPD leads to permanent lung remodelling. This involves damage to lung tissue, impaired gaseous exchange, and loss of elastic recoil.