Economic market structures can be grouped into four categories: perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. The categories differ because of the following characteristics: The number of producers is many in perfect and monopolistic competition, few in oligopoly, and one in monopoly.

Presents a comparison of six object-oriented analysis and design methodologies. For each of the methodologies, a formal representation of it is constructed as a metaprocess model and a meta-data model. These two metamodels of a methodology represent the steps of the analysis and design, the concepts and the techniques provided by this methodology. Based on this uniform representation, an extensive comparison of these six methodologies is then performed. The results are given as a set of tables in which the similarity and differences of these methodologies are exhibited. Adopting this formal approach, one can avoid errors caused by misunderstanding or misinterpretation of these methodologies. Consequently, an accurate and unbiased comparison is made possible

For a person, the stock market provides security through bonds and stocks. Stock security features allow traders to vote and get periodic dividends based on the company’s profitability.
Bond security features guarantees a person for a fixed rate of return, called the coupon rate, in exchange for use of the invested funds much like a Bank Loan. Bond security provides a specific par value, coupon rate, and maturity date. At the time of maturity, the issuing entity repays the full par value of the bond.
Preference Share Securities features allow a person to get a fixed dividend, much like a bond. If the issuing company goes bankrupt then preferred shareholders can grant a higher claim on funds than their common counterparts.
So, these are the most common securities that a person can get in the Stock Market.

Stop-loss is a method used by an investor to limit his losses. It works as an automatic order given by the investor to his broker to sell a security as soon as it reaches a certain predetermined price. For example, let’s say Ashish buys 50 shares in ABC Mobiles at the rate of one thousand rupees per share. Shortly, the share price falls to 960 rupees per share. Ashish wants to limit his losses; so he inputs a stop-loss order at nine hundred and fifty rupees. If price corrects further to nine hundred and fifty rupees, his broker Angel One will sell the shares to prevent further losses.

On the other hand, if the share price jumps to oshane thousand four hundred rupees per share, Ashish would want to hold on to his shares and not lose his advantage; so he inputs a stop-loss order to sell the shares if the price falls to one thousand three hundred rupees. By placing the stop-loss order, Ashish protects his investments by retaining his gains and preventing potential losses.