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What are enzymes and what role do they play in biological reactions?
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. They lower the activation energy required for reactions, thus increasing reaction rates
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed in the process. They lower the activation energy required for reactions, thus increasing reaction rates
See lessWhat is the central dogma of molecular biology?
The central dogma of molecular biology is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
The central dogma of molecular biology is the process by which genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein. It involves transcription (DNA to RNA) and translation (RNA to protein).
See lessWhat is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA. Most cells in the body regularly go through mitosis, but some do so more often than others.
Mitosis produces two genetically identical “daughter” cells from a single “parent” cell, whereas meiosis produces cells that are genetically unique from the parent and contain only half as much DNA. Most cells in the body regularly go through mitosis, but some do so more often than others.
See lessDescribe the structure and function of DNA.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). The strands are complementary and anti-parallel, with adenine pairing with thymine and cRead more
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-stranded helix composed of nucleotides, which include a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, cytosine, or guanine). The strands are complementary and anti-parallel, with adenine pairing with thymine and cytosine pairing with guanine. DNA’s structure enables it to store genetic information, which is used to guide the synthesis of proteins and regulate cellular processes. DNA replication ensures that genetic information is accurately passed on during cell division.
See lessWhat is the role of mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria are known as the "powerhouses" of eukaryotic cells because they generate most of the cell's ATP through aerobic respiration. They have their own DNA and are involved in various metabolic processes, including the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria also play a role inRead more
Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouses” of eukaryotic cells because they generate most of the cell’s ATP through aerobic respiration. They have their own DNA and are involved in various metabolic processes, including the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Mitochondria also play a role in regulating cellular metabolism, signaling, and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
See lessExplain the concept of natural selection.
Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin. It is based on the idea that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population. Natural selection actRead more
Natural selection is a mechanism of evolution proposed by Charles Darwin. It is based on the idea that individuals with traits better suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. Over time, these advantageous traits become more common in the population. Natural selection acts on existing variation within a population, leading to adaptation and evolutionary change.
See lessWhat are the different types of RNA and their functions?
There are three main types of RNA, each with distinct functions: Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis. Transfer RNA (tRNA): Translates the mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence by carrying sRead more
There are three main types of RNA, each with distinct functions:
Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis.
See lessTransfer RNA (tRNA): Translates the mRNA sequence into an amino acid sequence by carrying specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.
Describe the process of cellular respiration.
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in several stages: Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH. Pyruvate DecarboxyRead more
Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert glucose and oxygen into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), carbon dioxide, and water. It occurs in several stages:
Glycolysis: Occurs in the cytoplasm and breaks down glucose into pyruvate, producing 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH.
See lessPyruvate Decarboxylation: Pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and converted into acetyl-CoA, releasing CO2 and producing NADH.
Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle): Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.
Electron Transport Chain (ETC): NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to the ETC in the inner mitochondrial membrane, which generates a proton gradient used to produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation. Oxygen is the final electron acceptor, forming water.
What was the impact of the Opium Wars on China and its relationship with Western powers?
The Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) were conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and opium trade. The wars led to the Treaty of Nanking and other "unequal treaties," which ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened Chinese ports to foreign trade, and imposed exRead more
The Opium Wars (1839-1842, 1856-1860) were conflicts between China and Western powers, primarily Britain, over trade imbalances and opium trade. The wars led to the Treaty of Nanking and other “unequal treaties,” which ceded Hong Kong to Britain, opened Chinese ports to foreign trade, and imposed extraterritorial rights. These treaties significantly weakened China’s sovereignty and led to increased foreign influence and intervention in China.
See lessHow did the Renaissance contribute to the development of modern science?
The Renaissance fostered a spirit of inquiry and emphasis on empirical observation that contributed to the development of modern science. Innovations such as the scientific method, advancements in anatomy and astronomy by figures like Galileo and Copernicus, and the emphasis on questioning traditionRead more
The Renaissance fostered a spirit of inquiry and emphasis on empirical observation that contributed to the development of modern science. Innovations such as the scientific method, advancements in anatomy and astronomy by figures like Galileo and Copernicus, and the emphasis on questioning traditional knowledge laid the groundwork for the Scientific Revolution and the rise of modern scientific disciplines
See less