How is decomposition done?

Decomposition, the natural process of breaking down organic matter, is primarily driven by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi. These organisms produce enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions, breaking complex organic compounds into simpler substances such as sugars and amino acids. This enzymatic action, along with physical fragmentation by detritivores like earthworms and insects, accelerates the breakdown process. As decomposition progresses, nutrients are released from the organic matter, contributing to soil fertility and supporting plant growth. Eventually, most organic matter is transformed into humus—a stable, dark material that enhances soil structure and nutrient retention. Overall, decomposition plays a vital role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning, ensuring the continued health and productivity of terrestrial environments.