How does the process of weathering contribute to the breakdown and alteration of rocks and minerals on Earth's surface through physical and chemical mechanisms, forming regolith and soil over geological time scales, and influencing landscape evolution, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem dynamics?

Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down and altered on Earth’s surface through physical and chemical mechanisms. Physical weathering, also known as mechanical weathering, involves the physical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments without changing their chemical composition. Common physical weathering processes include frost wedging, thermal expansion, abrasion, and root wedging. Chemical weathering involves the alteration of rocks and minerals through chemical reactions with water, atmospheric gases, and biological agents. Common chemical weathering mechanisms include dissolution, oxidation, hydrolysis, and hydration. Weathering processes contribute to the formation of regolith (loose, fragmented material covering bedrock) and soil (a mixture of mineral particles, organic matter, water, and air). Weathering influences landscape evolution by shaping landforms and contributing to sediment transport and deposition. It also plays a critical role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem dynamics by releasing essential minerals and nutrients for plant growth.