What are the key characteristics and artistic innovations of the Renaissance period, and how did they influence the development of Western art and culture?

The Renaissance was characterized by a revival of interest in classical antiquity, humanism, and artistic experimentation. Key innovations included perspective, realism, chiaroscuro, and sfumato techniques, as seen in works by artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Renaissance transformed art, architecture, literature, and philosophy, laying the foundation for the modern era.